Adding captions to pre-recorded videos helps those with hearing issues consume your content. Many studies have shown that captions increase the number of views to your videos. Adding captions to live video, however, is difficult. This is the CEA Standard. But if the live video tool has in-built automatic echo cancellation, this makes things a lot easier. Most live video tools in this article will allow you to create a scheduled video directly.
Also, there are some cool platform-specific features you may want to investigate. If you are broadcasting to your Facebook page, you can also cross-post to other pages that have given their permission. This makes it appear that you are streaming to all those pages at the same time.
Some tools allow you to select the pages you are cross-posting to when you create or edit the scheduled live video. To choose which pages you want to cross-post to, click on crossposting in your page's settings. This allows you to comply with FTC guidelines. Only a few tools allow you to do this directly. When broadcasting to Facebook, you should be able to choose whether you are streaming to your personal profile timeline or one of your pages or groups. Some tools allow you to select the privacy of personal streams, and some are public only.
Some tools will allow you to flag which location you are broadcasting from. If not, you can always edit this in Publishing Tools or Creator Studio. This option is no longer available. A special type of live stream on Facebook which I mentioned earlier is a Continuous Live Stream or ambient live stream. This type of live stream has no maximum length, but there will be no replay. A few live video tools allow you to broadcast a continuous live stream. Some tools allow you to broadcast a video.
As I mentioned earlier, there are two different types of YouTube Live broadcasts. When broadcasting to your LinkedIn company page, the API allows you to target specific audiences based on location and language.
This is only available for company pages not personal profiles and you need at least followers. At the moment, restreaming service, Restream has this feature. You can read more about it here.
Some tools will allow you to create the scheduled live broadcast on Facebook or YouTube. Some tools will also allow you to edit or delete them afterwards. Most tools allow you to create a scheduled live broadcast, but some only allow you to go live straight away. Tools such as Ecamm Live and Wirecast will display forthcoming scheduled broadcasts for each network. That means you can stream to them from that tool no matter what tool they were scheduled with.
Some tools will only allow you to broadcast to scheduled live videos that were created by that tool. Some tools allow you to broadcast to more than one platform at the same time. Some tools such as Restream and StreamYard do the multicasting on their servers.
The advantage with that is that your computer and internet connection only needs to handle one stream - and the tool handles the rest on their server. Other tools such as Wirecast and vMix also give you the option to stream to more than one platform directly from your computer. This requires a powerful computer and a lot of internet bandwidth! But it is important to remember comments. Being able to view comments from your live video audiences is really important.
Engaging with people who leave comments is one of the most powerful features of live video. Most, but not all live video tools will display the comments from the live video platform you are streaming to. Most will also allow you to select a comment and bring it up on the video - with the commentator's name and photo.
LinkedIn Live has recently released the ability for some tools to monitor the comments. Facebook, YouTube, Periscope, and the multicasting service Restream have this feature. Some tools such as Ecamm Live integrate with the Restream. And some tools also have the ability to post and reply to comments.
It's useful to be able to manage and reply to your comments in a social media management tool. Agorapulse is one of the only tools to integrate with LinkedIn Live comments - see the pros and cons of Agorapulse in my article here.
Other social media management tools will allow you to manage Facebook Live comments. You might want to add lower-third text to display your name, an overlay image to add some branding, and more. Some tools make this really simple, but without the ability to customize the layers. However, some tools give you a few more options to customize without making it too difficult.
Some tools allow you to have lots of layers and give you full control over the look and feel. Most tools allow you to add different types of overlays. More advanced tools like OBS Studio, Wirecast and vMix allow you to customize the layouts of your sources and overlays completely.
Some tools like StreamYard and BeLive only offer you simple pre-built templates, such as split screen and solo views. And some offer templates and full customization. In your show, you could just have one view or scene throughout. It could be just your camera - or you and your guest.
But that can be very boring for your viewers. You also may want to have a show intro video, and perhaps a video to end. They include a show intro video, a couple of different split shots showing me and my guest , solo shots of me and my guest on our own, pre-recorded videos of my sponsors with me as a picture in picture, and lots more.
Some tools have simple layouts that you can toggle between. For example BeLive and StreamYard have different types of split view layouts showing you and your guest s as well as solo shots and a screenshare.
Other tools allow you to create lots of scenes ahead of time which you can then select as you through your show. A few tools allow you to add audio files to your scenes - allowing you to add sound effects and music. Some tools allow you to add pre-recorded video as a scene. This is useful if you have a show intro video, or you want to display a video to discuss on your show. There are lots of different types of text overlays.
Some tools have limited types - usually a title which will appear on the screen when you want. Most tools will allow you to add other text on the screen for lower thirds and other things. Some allow you to change the font type, size, color, background and effects such as scrolling. Ecamm Live allows you to add a PDF as an overlay.
This is perfect if you want to give a presentation using your PDFs. You can resize the overlay and make it full screen, and you can move through each page of your PDF very easily.
Being able to assign keys for different actions in your live streaming tool can be really useful - particularly for switching scenes. Elgato Stream Decks are physical devices with fully customized full-color buttons. You can program them to do different things in your live streams or anything on your computer. Some tools have developed Stream Deck plugins that allow you to switch scenes, display your live viewer count and lots more.
In those situations, your producer can control the broadcast, switch scenes, and even moderate comments while you get on with hosting. Some tools allow a producer to produce the show by logging into a web interface. Where as some tools will require the producer to run the live video streaming tool on their computer and bring you onto your show as a remote guest.
It would also be possible to allow your producer to remotely control your computer and control the tool on your computer. When you switch between scenes, you might want to add some fancy transitions between them. Some tools only offer a simple cut transition and a simple swipe transition. And some offer lots of fancy ones including cross dissolve, zoom, light rays, ripple, copy machine, and more. Ecamm Live offers this option. It can be really helpful to adjust the picture of your cameras within the live streaming tool.
For example, brightness, white balance, saturation, gamma, manual focus, color grading LUT, mirror, and deinterlacing. Being able to zoom and pan in your camera view is useful so that you can get the perfect composition.
With some tools you have to crop and zoom, and it can be quite time consuming to sort this out. Some other tools such as Ecamm Live allow you to zoom and pan to get the composition you want. All live video tools allow you to select which camera you want to use for your live stream. However, some tools allow you to switch between multiple cameras - giving you different camera angles. All tools will allow you to select which microphone you want to use for your audio. But some tools allow you to use more than one microphone - useful if you have guests in your studio.
Some tools allow you to add a web widget either as an overlay or on a scene on its own. Using a service like StreamLabs widgets you can add special effects, chat boxes, alerts donations and more. Some tools have an advanced feature which allows you to output your stream or bring in an external source via NDI.
This stands for Network Device Interface and is a royalty-free software standard developed by NewTek. It allows the broadcast of high-quality video over your network. If your tool has an NDI output, it will allow you to display your broadcast on a different device on your network, or use it in a different app.
If your tool allows NDI inputs, you can bring in high-quality video from other NDI devices on your networks such as cameras. Some tools allow you to output the video of your live show to a virtual webcam. This allows you to use your video in another live streaming or video conferencing tool. Some tools allow you to output the audio of your live show as a virtual audio device. This allows you to use your audio in a live streaming or video conferencing tool. Or you could output the audio to an audio tool like Adobe Audition or Audacity to record your podcast.
Webcams such as the Logitech C are great to start off with. The Logitech Brio is a great upgrade with 4K resolution. But if you really want to make your live video shows look more professional, upgrading to a digital mirrorless or dSLR camera is the best way.
However, if you have a compatible Canon camera, you can plug it directly into your computer via USB. Ecamm Live will show your Canon camera as a source without any extra software or hardware. Some tools will allow you to share the screen of your phone or tablet on your live video. Blackmagic make cameras, HDMI converters and more. Some live video streaming tools connect directly to the device so that they can use special features like deinterlacing. Some tools allow you to monitor your video and audio sources in a mixer.
This will let you adjust the volume of all your different sources. Although you might only want to interview one guest, it can be fun to have a group. Many tools allow you to have multiple guests on your show - varying from 2 to 50 or more.
I mentioned how many tools allow you to add layers. This can be the case when adding guests to your show. Some tools such as Ecamm Live, BeLive, and StreamYard make this really easy for you - giving you split screen and solo view views. Some tools allow you to fully customize the view - allowing you to crop, rotate and resize all your guest views. When your guest is on, what do they see on the screen? Do they see what your live viewers will see?
Or do they just see your camera? Do they see the comments? But it also allows you to make sure everything is set up before and then you can bring them on at the appropriate time. Not all tools have a green room feature.
Having a chat feature between you, your guests, and an optional producer is a useful feature. Platform: Dedicated app. Ecamm Live is a dedicated live streaming video app for Macs only. The Standard plan has everything you need to get started and will be fine for most people, but the Pro plan does give you some really cool features including 4K streaming, virtual webcam, widget overlays, live video monitoring to any display, audio monitor output, Facebook page crossposting, and more.
Ecamm Live has a free day trial that allows you to try all of the features including Pro-level features with very few limitations. There is an Ecamm Live watermark during the trial. It allows you to bring in guests via the web using Interview mode really easily.
And it even integrates with the Restream Chat API - meaning you can highlight comments from all the networks you are multicasting. You can record the video in a high-quality format, too - and the quality is top-notch. You can add countdown timers and have full control over the look and feel of the text. You can bring in pre-recorded video and the scene and layer management are really powerful.
The Stream Deck plugin is pretty awesome, too. Ecamm has some very advanced features. It was built from the ground up and is of amazing quality.
It also supports video backgrounds too. Ecamm Live has the ability to stream in different aspect ratios widescreen, super-widescreen, square, and portrait , Facebook crossposting, videos, continuous Facebook Live streams, virtual webcams, NDI, and more. This is a massive feature! They also have a really helpful and active Facebook community that you can join for free.
Standard plan users have to rely upon Skype to bring in guests, but pro users can use Interview mode. You can't change the transparency or rotate any layers in Ecamm Live, but this is unlikely to be an issue unless you're a very advanced user. Without doubt, Ecamm Live is my favorite and top recommended live video streaming tool for Mac. It offers that sweet spot between power and ease of use. But I am nitpicking! It was the only free tool at the time that offered streaming to Facebook Live and other platforms.
OBS is how I started my live streaming journey. But once you get your head around that, OBS Studio is incredibly powerful. You can create multiple scenes - each with as many layers as you like. You can add your camera and microphone sources, videos, images and lots more.
And you can easily crop, resize, rotate and adjust each layer as you like. It integrates fully with the Elgato Stream Deck family. It also allows you to record as well as streaming. You have full control over all the video encoding presets - which may or may not fill you with joy. It also has some very advanced features and a large user base.
And there are loads of plugins that allow you to customize OBS Studio even further. A big missing feature is the inability to view or highlight comments. OBS Studio is very resource-intensive. But if you want a lot of flexibility and the ability to customize and want something free, OBS Studio is worth considering. But the difficulty of bringing in guests and the inability of viewing and highlighting comments on your streams is a big disadvantage.
Wirecast is a professional live video streaming and production tool from Telestream. It runs on Macs and Windows-based PCs. It focuses on producing professional live videos and has some advanced features - so it does have a bit of a learning curve. But, unlike most other tools in this list - these are no subscriptions. Wirecast One is no more but was a very basic product.
You could stream in 4K, but you were limited to one camera or source and you couldn't bring in any remote guests. Wirecast Studio has most of the main features of Wirecast including unlimited sources, bringing in guests up to 2 , remote desktop presenter, and more. Wirecast Pro adds more advanced features including the ability to bring in more remote guests up to 7 , instant replay, NDI output, and being able to send multiple streams with different audio tracks or languages.
Wirecast is incredibly powerful and pretty robust. It gives an almost overwhelming array of features. Like OBS Studio, all the layers are customizable, but Wirecast allows even more such as 3D rotation, animated text, 3D layouts, and virtual sets.
If your computer can handle it, Wirecast can multicast to lots of different platforms. And it can record your stream to your computer - even in multiple formats simultaneously. Wirecast Pro has an ISO feature that allows you to record each source separately - which is great for repurposing. But this also allows you to replay a previous section of your live stream as an instant replay. I hope that Telestream gives Wirecast a radical overhaul of the user interface in the near future.
One big gaping hole in its feature-set is its inability to view and highlight comments from Facebook Live, YouTube Live, and other platforms. It does integrate well with 3rd party software such as NewBlue Titler Live, but that software has a steep learning curve as well and is going to be very difficult to manage both apps at the same time if you are producing as well as hosting. Not to mention expensive.
Wirecast has a feature called Rendezvous for bringing in guests. Hopefully, their support will improve, and you can pay for priority support that may be better. I love some of the more advanced features - the level of customization on the layers, ISO recording, multicasting and more.
For professional live streams from both Macs and PCs, Wirecast is the tool you should consider. But for a robust and professional live streaming tool for Macs and PCs, Wirecast is a great tool to check out.
It also gives you 4 overlays channels and a video list a playlist of videos. For high-level professional streaming, many people prefer to use PCs. So it allows you to do very powerful things like multicasting, recording and ISO recording effortlessly. It also allows you to customize just about everything.
For comments, I love their vMix Social feature. It allows you to bring in comments from multiple platforms. You just tell vMix where the live streams are, and it will grab the comments. You can even have a moderator log in to the web interface and control them from there. Because vMix is Windows only, Mac users will be disappointed. I was surprised that not all destinations have proper API connections. For example, although you can create a scheduled broadcast on Facebook Live on vMix, this is not the case for YouTube Live.
You need to create the broadcast on YouTube and enter the stream key into vMix. But for those people who want to create really professional live streams with lots of customization, multicast, highlight comments from all your platforms and ISO recording, vMix is a big contender.
Yes, there is a very steep learning curve and it can be clunky in places, but for professional live streamers who have a PC and want full control, vMix is a great solution. Restream officially launched in as a multistreaming tool.
Today it allows live broadcasts to multicast to 30 destinations and has an integrated chat tool for comments , scheduler and analytics tool. In , Restream launched a browser-based live streaming studio called Restream Studio. As well as allowing you to multicast to 30 destinations with integrated comments for many of those, you can have up to 10 people on screen, add overlays, graphics and more.
Please note, in this section, I am referring to Restream Studio, which is the browser live video tool part of Restream. Restream has 5 plans - Free, Standard and Professional for individuals and Premium and Business for companies.
All plans give you the ability to stream to over 30 destinations, Restream Studio, comments, screen sharing, guests and analytics. The free plan has a limit of 6 people on screen for Restream Studio. Also, note that Restream adds their own watermark to Studio, and appends "multistreaming with Restream.
The professional plan and above, also give you full HD p in Studio, custom graphical overlays and more. Restream Studio is quite a new web-based streaming tool, but it's still feature-packed. You can have up to 9 guests 10 including yourself on your show at one time.
And the ability to multicast to up to 30 destinations is amazing. You can create scheduled live videos with its events feature. It's the only web-based live video tool that supports stereo sound and playing a local video as source. There are more and more features coming, and I've been impressed with how quickly new features are being rolled out. Restream Studio is still new, so there are still a few things lacking. But they've added so many new features recently.
At the moment the number of layouts is fairly limited and there's no option for green screens. Restream adds a watermark and branding to your broadcasts on the free and basic paid plans too. If you want to remove that, you'll need to upgrade to the Professional plan, which is more expensive. I really love what Restream are doing with Restream Studio and it's quickly becoming the most powerful browser-based live video tool. And the way you can use other live video software with Restream is incredible.
The multistreaming and chat features are invaluable, and the ability to bring in so many guests is powerful. If you want to remove the Restream branding, it's more expensive than other tools, but you get a lot for your money. Platform : Web app runs in the browser. Also iPhones, iPad, Android via web browsers. StreamYard was launched in and is a live streaming tool that works through the browser.
And it allows you to multicast - broadcast to more than one platform at the same time without requiring a supercomputer! It allows you to have up to 9 guests on your show and you can highlight comments on the screen. The Free plan is very generous. You do have to put up with a StreamYard watermark on the top right of your live streams though and has a limit of 20 hours of streaming per month.
But you do get up to 9 remote guests up to 10 people can be on-screen at one time , screen sharing, green screen functionality, video sharing, on-screen comments, and banners. The Basic plan removes the StreamYard watermark, gives you unlimited streaming, the ability to add your own branding, recording of up to 4 hours, and multicasting to up to 3 destinations. The Professional plan gives you 8 hours of recording each month and multicasting to up to 8 destinations. It also adds full HD streaming p although the max resolution you'll get from your webcam is p.
StreamYard is really easy to use and works through your web browser. Because of that, it works on both PCs and Macs. The paid versions have multicasting built-in, meaning you can broadcast to more than one live platform at the same time.
The most amazing feature is that it allows you to view and highlight comments from all the destinations it streams to except LinkedIn Live. And yes, it does integrate with LinkedIn Live. The free version has some powerful features like the ability to bring in up to 5 guests, screen sharing for hosts and guests and green screen. Another killer feature is the ability to record high-quality versions of your live streams available in the paid versions.
The video resolution types often used for broadcasts are represented in , , , and 4K terms. Resolution matters when it comes to improving the viewing experience on large displays. How to deal with bandwidth limits The issue of scant bandwidth is not the final verdict for broadcasting.
This is an extended version of H. HEVC enables compressing video without affecting the quality — it allows for more reduced file size and consequently more reduced bandwidth. Besides, if the viewers have devices compatible with H. Platforms that support adaptive bitrate streaming ABS. They work well when it is necessary to eliminate downloading limits. Not only do they provide bufferless playback mode, but they also automatically optimize the resolution, which results in more viewing options to choose from.
The viewers with higher bandwidth can watch the broadcast in top quality, whereas people with limited bandwidth consume content with lower resolution and frame rate to match their restrictions.
Additionally, consider a few tips to enhance the upload speed for streaming. Leave only the wired connection on. Since it is more stable compared to Wi-Fi, you can expect no interruptions during the stream and consequently better quality of live video.
Go with multistreaming services, like Restream. It allows broadcasting to multiple platforms simultaneously and relieves your system by carrying part of its load.
Turn on ad-blockers and privacy tools. They will limit the use of upload bandwidth by various unwanted programs. Make sure to use modern software and hardware. Out-of-date systems slow down your computer and become a real bottleneck for your upload bandwidth, which generally leads to worse streaming quality. Share this article:. We can check in more detail the state of a specific consumer group by checking the consumers that are registered in the group.
Consumer groups in Redis streams may resemble in some way Kafka TM partitioning-based consumer groups, however note that Redis streams are, in practical terms, very different. The partitions are only logical and the messages are just put into a single Redis key, so the way the different clients are served is based on who is ready to process new messages, and not from which partition clients are reading.
For instance, if the consumer C3 at some point fails permanently, Redis will continue to serve C1 and C2 all the new messages arriving, as if now there are only two logical partitions. Similarly, if a given consumer is much faster at processing messages than the other consumers, this consumer will receive proportionally more messages in the same unit of time.
This is possible since Redis tracks all the unacknowledged messages explicitly, and remembers who received which message and the ID of the first message never delivered to any consumer. However, this also means that in Redis if you really want to partition messages in the same stream into multiple Redis instances, you have to use multiple keys and some sharding system such as Redis Cluster or some other application-specific sharding system.
A single Redis stream is not automatically partitioned to multiple instances. So basically Kafka partitions are more similar to using N different Redis keys, while Redis consumer groups are a server-side load balancing system of messages from a given stream to N different consumers.
Many applications do not want to collect data into a stream forever. Sometimes it is useful to have at maximum a given number of items inside a stream, other times once a given size is reached, it is useful to move data from Redis to a storage which is not in memory and not as fast but suited to store the history for, potentially, decades to come.
Redis streams have some support for this. This option is very simple to use:. Using MAXLEN the old entries are automatically evicted when the specified length is reached, so that the stream is left at a constant size.
There is currently no option to tell the stream to just retain items that are not older than a given period, because such command, in order to run consistently, would potentially block for a long time in order to evict items. Imagine for example what happens if there is an insertion spike, then a long pause, and another insertion, all with the same maximum time. The stream would block to evict the data that became too old during the pause.
So it is up to the user to do some planning and understand what is the maximum stream length desired. Moreover, while the length of the stream is proportional to the memory used, trimming by time is less simple to control and anticipate: it depends on the insertion rate which often changes over time and when it does not change, then to just trim by size is trivial.
However trimming with MAXLEN can be expensive: streams are represented by macro nodes into a radix tree, in order to be very memory efficient. Altering the single macro node, consisting of a few tens of elements, is not optimal. So it's possible to use the command in the following special form:. It can be or or , just make sure to save at least items. With this argument, the trimming is performed only when we can remove a whole node.
This makes it much more efficient, and it is usually what you want. As XTRIM is an explicit command, the user is expected to know about the possible shortcomings of different trimming strategies.
Here is a short recap, so that they can make more sense in the future. Those two IDs respectively mean the smallest ID possible that is basically and the greatest ID possible that is This special ID means that we want only entries that were never delivered to other consumers so far. However what may not be so obvious is that also the consumer groups full state is propagated to AOF, RDB and replicas, so if a message is pending in the master, also the replica will have the same information.
Similarly, after a restart, the AOF will restore the consumer groups' state. However note that Redis streams and consumer groups are persisted and replicated using the Redis default replication, so:. So when designing an application using Redis streams and consumer groups, make sure to understand the semantical properties your application should have during failures, and configure things accordingly, evaluating whether it is safe enough for your use case.
Streams also have a special command for removing items from the middle of a stream, just by ID. Normally for an append only data structure this may look like an odd feature, but it is actually useful for applications involving, for instance, privacy regulations. However in the current implementation, memory is not really reclaimed until a macro node is completely empty, so you should not abuse this feature.
A difference between streams and other Redis data structures is that when the other data structures no longer have any elements, as a side effect of calling commands that remove elements, the key itself will be removed. So for instance, a sorted set will be completely removed when a call to ZREM will remove the last element in the sorted set. The reason why such an asymmetry exists is because Streams may have associated consumer groups, and we do not want to lose the state that the consumer groups defined just because there are no longer any items in the stream.
Currently the stream is not deleted even when it has no associated consumer groups, but this may change in the future. It should be enough to say that stream commands are at least as fast as sorted set commands when extracting ranges, and that XADD is very fast and can easily insert from half a million to one million items per second in an average machine if pipelining is used.
Before providing the results of performed tests, it is interesting to understand what model Redis uses in order to route stream messages and in general actually how any blocking operation waiting for data is managed. As you can see, basically, before returning to the event loop both the client calling XADD and the clients blocked to consume messages, will have their reply in the output buffers, so the caller of XADD should receive the reply from Redis about at the same time the consumers will receive the new messages.
This model is push based , since adding data to the consumers buffers will be performed directly by the action of calling XADD , so the latency tends to be quite predictable. In order to check this latency characteristics a test was performed using multiple instances of Ruby programs pushing messages having as an additional field the computer millisecond time, and Ruby programs reading the messages from the consumer group and processing them.
The message processing step consisted in comparing the current computer time with the message timestamp, in order to understand the total latency. Such programs were not optimized and were executed in a small two core instance also running Redis, in order to try to provide the latency figures you could expect in non optimal conditions. Messages were produced at a rate of 10k per second, with ten simultaneous consumers consuming and acknowledging the messages from the same Redis stream and consumer group.
So Adding a few million unacknowledged messages to the stream does not change the gist of the benchmark, with most queries still processed with very short latency. Every new item, by default, will be delivered to every consumer that is waiting for data in a given stream.
This behavior is different than blocking lists, where each consumer will get a different element. All the messages are appended in the stream indefinitely unless the user explicitly asks to delete entries : different consumers will know what is a new message from its point of view by remembering the ID of the last message received. A consumer group is like a pseudo consumer that gets data from a stream, and actually serves multiple consumers, providing certain guarantees: Each message is served to a different consumer so that it is not possible that the same message will be delivered to multiple consumers.
Consumers are identified, within a consumer group, by a name, which is a case-sensitive string that the clients implementing consumers must choose. This means that even after a disconnect, the stream consumer group retains all the state, since the client will claim again to be the same consumer.
However, this also means that it is up to the client to provide a unique identifier. Each consumer group has the concept of the first ID never consumed so that, when a consumer asks for new messages, it can provide just messages that were not previously delivered.
Consuming a message, however, requires an explicit acknowledgment using a specific command. Redis interprets the acknowledgment as: this message was correctly processed so it can be evicted from the consumer group. Separator used to separate the fields printed on the command line about the Stream parameters. For example, to separate the fields with newlines and indentation:.
We classify 40 Downloads; 9 Citations We evaluate the impact of scheduling policy decisions on the provided service. Premiere Pro. Branded After Effects. By default This directive has minimal impact on performance and should not generally be used.
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